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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1 – Theoretical considerations
1 Introduction
2 The development of surface wave theory
3 Surface wave Theory
3.1 Introduction to the theory
3.2 Theory for a homogeneous smooth earth
3.3 The effect of the atmosphere
PART 2 – The ITU-R recommended prediction method
4 Recommendation ITU-R P.368
5 Surface impedance
6 Ground conductivity
6.1 The conductivity of land
6.2 Sea conductivity
PART 3 – Variations from the main prediction procedure
7 Smooth earth of mixed conductivity
7.1 The over-sea recovery effect
7.2 The Millington method for mixed paths
7.3 Estimation of a representative conductivity value for mixed paths at MF band
8 Sea roughness
9 Rural environments
10 Urban environments
10.1 The effect of the densely built up urban areas, 0.1 to 20 km
11 Seasonal variations in surface wave propagation
11.1 History
11.2 Day by day variations in surface wave propagation
PART 4
12 Receiving antennas
13 Characterization of field strength spatial variability
14 Irregular terrain
15 Local effects in built-up areas
15.1 Measurements into densely built up areas
15.2 Transmission frequency influence in urban environments
15.3 Large scale variation of the field strength
16 Small scale field strength spatial variation
17 Indoor propagation
PART 5
18 Measurement methods
18.1 Field strength meter
18.2 Measurement of radiated power
18.3 The measurement of the effective ground conductivity
19 Surface wave phase [71]
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Smooth homogeneous earth
19.3 Secondary phase perturbations
19.4 Non-homogeneous paths
19.5 Terrain irregularities
19.6 Meteorological effects
ANNEX 1 – The Generalised Lee method